Also known as Oddiyana, the place in Pakistan, generally thought to be in Swat Valley, where Shakyamuni Buddha manifested as Chakrasamvara to reveal the Chakrasamvara teachings. Also where Padmasambhava was said to be born. This place name is a Tibetan corruption of the Sanskrit “Uddiyana” and is sometimes seen as Urgyen, not to be confused with the Tibetan term for the ushnisha, the crown ornament of a buddha (Tib: urgyän; Wyl: dbu rgyan).

A person who relies on non-Buddhist philosophies and external phenomena as sources of happiness, as opposed to an "inner being" (Tib: nang pa) or Buddhist who relies on the teachings of the Buddha.

The Dharma practiced by non-Buddhists, as opposed to "inner Dharma" of Buddhist Dharma.

An influential and charismatic lama of the Gelug order, Pabongka Rinpoche was the root guru of His Holiness the Dalai Lama's Senior and Junior Tutors. He also gave the teachings compiled in Liberation in the Palm of Your Hand.

A great Indian yogi who brought Buddhist teachings to China and Tibet. He taught in the Tingri region of Tibet and was the author of The Hundred Verses of Advice.

The eighth-century Indian tantric master who played a key role in establishing Buddhism in Tibet; he is revered by all Tibetans but especially by followers of the Nyingma tradition, which he founded. Often known in Tibetan as Guru Rinpoche.

Water (for washing); one of the offering substances.