The late Senior Tutor to His Holiness the Fourteenth Dalai Lama; the Ninety-seventh Ganden Tripa; a guru of Lama Zopa Rinpoche.

A lay practitioner and important Kagyü teacher; the Drukpa Kagyü line originated from Lingrepa.

Spiritual master or preceptor, person who give vows.

See thought transformation.

A great Buddhist teacher and master of the Nyingma tradition who composed many major texts and practices.

Awareness and knowledge, the study of mind and mental factors, in order to understand and control the delusions.

See Tsongkhapa, Lama.

In the context of the seven points of cause and effect, the wish for all beings to have happiness, with the added dimension of yi ong (beautiful or affectionate); often translated as “affectionate loving kindness.” Lama Zopa Rinpoche suggests this is the “loving kindness of seeing others in beauty.”

The first of the three levels of practice or scopes, the lower capable being has the goal of a better future existence. See also middle and higher capable being, and three levels of practice.

See liberation.

The three realms of cyclic existence with the most suffering: the hell, hungry ghost and animal realms.

See oral transmission.